ψυχή, PSUCHE, SOUL, LIFE, ANIMATION Illustrations of English words derived from Greek words used in the New Testament. Aristotle.i "A COMPLETE HUMAN IS MADE UP OF THREE PARTS"ii "And I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ" (1 Thessalonians 5:23b). A human is identified here as having three parts: "spirit" (pneumaG4151), "sensory-self" (psucheG5590) and "body" (somaG4983). Both humans and animals have a "sensory-self" (G5590) in a physical "body." But humans additionally are made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27).   This is not said of the beasts, fish, etc. PSUCHE HAS THREE DIFFERENT MEANINGS IN REFERENCE TO HUMANS, (plus a fourth, figurative usage referring to God).iii In the KJV G5590 is translated as 58 times as "soul/s.", 41 times as "life" or "lives", 3 times as "mind/s", 1 time as "heart", 1 time as "heartily", and 1 time as "doubt." --KJV only translates the Greek NT (not the LXX).   The English word and its derivatives including "psychology" and "psychiatry" are rooted in Greek mythology.iv According to Greek and Roman religions, the beauty Psyche, who had been loved by Eros (or Cupid) was released from death and granted immortality. "Psyche’s imagery in ancient art is represented with butterfly wings. The idea was, freed from death, the body of the soul could fly freely, soaring, departing from the shackles of the chrysalis."v The word psucheG5590 was historically translated eventually into the Latin Vulgate Bible as "animal" (i.e., every time you see "soul" in the KJV it is "animal" in the Latin). When the English KJV was originally translated (1611) the word "animal" was not common in the language. You will not find the word "animal" at all in the KJV. Rather, the word that was in use in 1611 was "soul", a word that had entered the language from the Old High German.vi DICTIONARIES Strong's Hebrew and Greek Dictionaries "SOUL": ψυχή G5590 psuchē psoo-khay' - From G5594 (to breathe gently); breath, that is, (by implication) spirit, abstractly or concretely (the animal sentient principle only; thus distinguished on the one hand from πνεῦμαG4151 [spirit], which is the rational and immortal soul; and on the other from G2222* (zoe), which is mere vitality, even of plants: these terms thus exactly correspond respectively to the Hebrew [H5315], [H7307] and [H2416]: - heart (+ -ily), life, mind, soul, + us, + you. Total KJV occurrences: 104 Thayer's Greek Definition: 1) breath 1a) the breath of life 1a1) the vital force which animates the body and shows itself in breathing 1a1a) of animals 1a1b) of men 1b) life 1c) that in which there is life 1c1) a living being, a living soul 2) the soul 2a) the seat of the feelings, desires, affections, aversions (our heart, soul etc.) 2b) the (human) soul in so far as it is constituted that by the right use of the aids offered it by God it can attain its highest end and secure eternal blessedness, the soul regarded as a moral being designed for everlasting life 2c) the soul as an essence which differs from the body and is not dissolved by death (distinguished from other parts of the body). Part of Speech: noun feminine Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words Greek Definition: denotes "the breath, the breath of life," then "the soul," in its various meanings. The NT uses "may be analyzed approximately as follows: (a) the natural life of the body, Matthew 2:20 ; Luke 12:22 ; Acts 20:10 ;Revelation 8:9 ; 12:11 ; cp. Leviticus 17:11 ; 2 Samuel 14:7 ; Esther 8:11 ; (OT's source is LXX, Greek translation). (b) the immaterial, invisible part of man, Matthew 10:28 ; Acts 2:27 ; cp. 1 Kings 17:21 ; (c) the disembodied (or "unclothed" or "naked," 2 Corinthians 5:3,4 ) man, Revelation 6:9 ; (d) the seat of personality, Luke 9:24 , explained as == "own self," Luke 9:25 ; Hebrews 6:19 ; 10:39 ; cp. Isaiah 53:10 with 1 Timothy 2:6 ; (e) the seat of the sentient element in man, that by which he perceives, reflects, feels, desires, Matthew 11:29 ; Luke 1:46 ; 2:35 ; Acts 14:2,22 ; cp. Psalm 84:2 ; 139:14 ; Isaiah 26:9 ; (f) the seat of will and purpose, Matthew 22:37 ; Acts 4:32 ; Ephesians 6:6 ; Philippians 1:27 ; Hebrews 12:3 ; cp. Numbers 21:4 ; Deuteronomy 11:13 ; (g) the seat of appetite, Revelation 18:14 ; cp. Psalm 107:9 ; Proverbs 6:30 ; Isaiah 5:14 ("desire"); 29:8; (h) persons, individuals, Acts 2:41,43 ; Romans 2:9 ;James 5:20 ; 1 Peter 3:20 ; 2 Peter 2:14 ; cp. Genesis 12:5 ; 14:21("persons"); Leviticus 4:2 ('any one'); Ezekiel 27:13 ; of dead bodies,Numbers 6:6 , lit., "dead soul;" and of animals, Leviticus 24:18 , lit., "soul for soul;" (i) the equivalent of the personal pronoun, used for emphasis and effect:, 1st person, John 10:24 ("us"); Hebrews 10:38 ; cp. Genesis 12:13 ;Numbers 23:10 ; Judges 16:30 ; Psalm 120:2 ("me"); 2nd person, 2 Corinthians 12:15 ; Hebrews 13:17 ; James 1:21 ; 1 Peter 1:9 ; 2:25 ; cp.Leviticus 17:11 ; 26:15 ; 1 Samuel 1:26 ; 3 rd person, 1 Peter 4:19 ; 2 Peter 2:8 ; cp. Exodus 30:12 ; Job 32:2 , Heb. "soul," Sept. "self;" (j) an animate creature, human or other, 1 Corinthians 15:45 ; Revelation 16:3 ; cp. Genesis 1:24 ; 2:7,19 ; (k) "the inward man," the seat of the new life, Luke 21:19 (cp. Matthew 10:39 ); 1 Peter 2:11 ; 3 John 1:2 . "With (j) compare a-psuchos, "soulless, inanimate," 1 Corinthians 14:7 . "With (f) compare di-psuchos, "two-souled," James 1:8 ; 4:8 ; oligo-psuchos, "feeble-souled," 1 Thessalonians 5:14 ; iso-psuchos, "like-souled," Philippians 2:20 ; sum-psuchos, "joint-souled" (with one accord"), Philippians 2:2 . "The language of Hebrews 4:12 suggests the extreme difficulty of distinguishing between the soul and the spirit, alike in their nature and in their activities. Generally speaking the spirit is the higher, the soul the lower element. The spirit may be recognized as the life principle bestowed on man by God, the soul as the resulting life constituted in the individual, the body being the material organism animated by soul and spirit. ... "Body and soul are the constituents of the man according to Matthew 6:25 ; 10:28 ; Luke 12:20 ; Acts 20:10; body and spirit according to Luke 8:55 ; 1 Corinthians 5:3 ; 7:34 ; James 2:26 . In Matthew 26:38 the emotions are associated with the soul, in John 13:21 with the spirit; cp. also Psalm 42:11 with 1 Kings 21:5 . In Psalm 35:9 the soul rejoices in God, in Luke 1:47 the spirit. "Apparently, then, the relationships may be thus summed up 'Soma, body, and pneuma, spirit, may be separated, pneuma and psuche, soul, can only be distinguished' (Cremer)."* [* From notes on Thessalonians, by Hogg and Vine, pp. 205-207.] ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH USE Etymology of the Anglicized word. 1640s, "animating spirit," from Latin psyche, from Greek psykhē, "the soul, mind, spirit; life, one's life, the invisible animating principle or entity which occupies and directs the physical body; understanding, the mind (as the seat of thought), faculty of reason." Meaning "human soul" is from 1650s. In English, psychological sense "mind," is attested by 1910. In the Jewish-Alexandrine Pauline, and Neo-Platonist psychology, the psyche is in general treated as the animating principle in close relation to the body, whereas the pneuma (as representing the divine breath breathed into man), the nous, and the Logos (q.v.) stand for higher entities. ["Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology," J.M. Baldwin, ed., London, 1902]. Related Words Formed From PsucheG5590 (from etymonline.com). psychopomp (n.). 1835, from Greek psykhopompos "spirit-guide," a term from psykhē "the soul, mind, spirit" (see psyche) + pompos "guide, conductor." psychopathic (adj.). 1847, adding pathos "suffering" (from PIE root *kwent(h)- "to suffer"). psychiatry (n.) - 1846, adding -iatreia "healing, care" (see -iatric). psychology (n.) - 1650s, "study of the soul," "study of the mind" first recorded 1748; main modern behavioral sense is from early 1890s. psychotic (adj.) - 1889, coined from psychosis, from Greek psykhē understanding, the mind (as the seat of thought), faculty of reason" (see psyche). psychosis (n.) - 1847, "mental derangement," from Greek psykhē "mind" + -osis "abnormal condition." Greek psykhosis meant "a giving of life; animation; principle of life." psychoanalysis (n.) - coined 1896 in French by Freud from Latinized form of Greek psykhē "the soul, mind, spirit; understanding" + Analyse, from Greek analysis. psychosomatic (adj.) - 1847, "pertaining to the relation between mind and body," including sōma "body". Applied from 1938 to physical disorders with psychological causes. psychic (adj.) - 1872, "of or pertaining to the human soul". psychedelic (adj.) - 1956, of drugs, from Greek psykhē "mind" + dēloun "make visible, reveal," from dēlos "visible, clear." metempsychosis (n.) - 1580s, "passing of the soul at death into another body, human or animal," from Greek metempsychosis, from meta, here indicating "change" + empsykhoun "to put a soul into," from en "in" (see in-) + psychē "soul." psycho- word-forming element meaning "mind, mental; spirit, unconscious." from Greek psykho-, combining form of psykhē "the soul, mind, spirit; life, one's life, the invisible animating principle or entity which occupies and directs the physical body; understanding, the mind (as the seat of thought), faculty of reason". psychiatrist (n.) - 1875, from psychiatry + -ist. An older name was mad-doctor (1703); also psychiater "expert in mental diseases" (1852) TEXT EXAMPLES LIFE; I.E., SOUL. ψυχή G5590: NT text uses G5590 105 times. "Souls", 58 times; "life", 41; "mind", 3; "heart", 1... Matthew 6:25 "Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life G5590, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. Is not the life G5590 more than meat, and the body than raiment?" LIFE: physical life. Matthew 10:39 "He that findeth his life G5590 shall lose it: and he that loseth his life G5590 for my sake shall find it." LIFE: value of essence of existence now and hereafter. Matthew 16:25 "For whosoever will save his life G5590 shall lose it: and whosoever will lose his life G5590 for my sake shall find it." (next verse translates "life" word as "soul":) Matthew 16:26 "For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul G5590? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul G5590?" LIFE: value of essence of existence now and hereafter. Mat 20:28 "Even as the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life (His soulG5590 ) a ransom for many." LIFE: value of essence of existence now. Mar 10:45 "For even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life (His soulG5590 ) a ransom for many." LIFE: value of essence of existence now. Luke 6:9 "Then said Jesus unto them, I will ask you one thing; Is it lawful on the sabbath days to do good, or to do evil? to save life, or to destroy it?" LIFE: value of essence of existence now. Luk 9:56 "For the Son of man is not come to destroy men's lives, but to save them. And they went to another village." LIFE: value of essence of existence forever. Luk 12:22 "And he said unto his disciples, Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat; neither for the body, what ye shall put on." LIFE: value of essence of existence now. John 10:11 "I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep." LIFE: value of essence of existence now. John 12:25 "He that loveth his life G5590 shall lose it; and he that hateth his life G5590 in this world shall keep it unto life (zoeG2222) eternal." LIFE: value of essence of existence now relative to real life hereafter (Thayer's). "The Soul - New Testament"; the following are interpretive comments on some verses by Bob Pickle.vii Mat. 2:20. [People can look for "souls" in order to take them somewhere.] Mat. 6:25. ["Souls" can eat.] Acts 15:26. [Some have risked losing their "souls" for Jesus.] Acts 20:24. [Paul didn't like his "soul."] Acts 27:10. [Their "souls" were going to get hurt or damaged.] Acts 27:22. [No one on board was going to lose their "soul."] Rom. 11:3. [Jezebel wanted to obtain Elijah's "soul."] Rom. 16:4. [It was as if Priscilla and Aquila had given their physical life in order to save Paul's "soul."] Php. 2:30. [Epaphroditus didn't care about his "soul."] 1 Jn. 3:16. [As Jesus laid His "soul" down, so should we.] Rev. 8:9. [Fish have "souls."] Rev. 12:11. [Christians will not love their "souls," even if threatened with death.] Rev. 16:3. [Fish are "souls."] = GAYLON WEST

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